SINERGI APLIKASI TRICHODERMA SP. DAN KALIUM NITRAT (KNO₃) DALAM MENINGKATKAN PERTUMBUHAN DAN PRODUKSI CABAI RAWIT
Keywords:
Chili, Potassium Nitrate, Productivity, Trichoderma
Abstract
Chili pepper is an important horticultural crop with continuously increasing demand. However, low soil fertility and excessive use of chemical fertilizers remain major constraints to sustainable production. Potassium nitrate (KNO₃) supplies essential nitrogen and potassium, while Trichoderma sp. functions as a beneficial fungus that suppresses soil-borne pathogens and enhances plant growth through phytohormone production. This study evaluated the effects of Trichoderma sp. and KNO₃ on the growth and yield of chili pepper using a two-factor factorial experiment arranged in Randomized Block Design. The first factor consisted of three Trichoderma doses (0, 5, and 10 g plant⁻¹), while the second factor comprised three KNO₃ concentrations (0, 1, and 2%). The interaction between 5 g plant⁻¹ Trichoderma and 1% KNO₃ produced the highest fruit weight per plant (81.83 g) and productivity (3.27 t ha⁻¹). Individually, 5 g plant⁻¹ Trichoderma accelerated flowering, whereas 2% KNO₃ increased fruit number and improved overall yield performance.
References
Ahmadi, M., Helms, M. M., Ross, T. J., Chalmin-Pui, L. S., Griffiths, A., Roe, J., Heaton, T., Cameron, R., de Sousa, D. P., de Assis Oliveira, F., Arcanjo, D. D. R., da Fonsêca, D. V., Duarte, A. B. S., de Oliveira Barbosa, C., Ong, T. P., Brocksom, T. J., Ding, J., Wu, B., Chen, L., … Jia, P. (2024). Produksi Tanaman Buah-buahan dan Sayuran Tahunan Menurut Provinsi dan Jenis Tanaman, 2024. Privilege and Property Essays on the History of Copyright, 2(1).
Andrzejak, R., & Janowska, B. (2022). Trichoderma spp. Improves Flowering, Quality, and Nutritional Status of Ornamental Plants. In International Journal of Molecular Sciences (Vol. 23, Number 24). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232415662
Babanjeet, Singh, K., Talwar, D., & Jindal, S. K. (2022). EFFECT OF POTASSIUM NITRATE ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF CHILLI. Agricultural Research Journal, 59(6). https://doi.org/10.5958/2395-146X.2022.00145.4
Cao, W., Sun, H., Shao, C., Wang, Y., Zhu, J., Long, H., Geng, X., & Zhang, Y. (2025). Progress in the Study of Plant Nitrogen and Potassium Nutrition and Their Interaction Mechanisms. In Horticulturae (Vol. 11, Number 8). https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080930
Chen, X., Lu, Y., Liu, X., Gu, Y., & Li, F. (2025). Trichoderma: Dual Roles in Biocontrol and Plant Growth Promotion. In Microorganisms (Vol. 13, Number 8). https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13081840
Contreras-Cornejo, H. A., Schmoll, M., Esquivel-Ayala, B. A., González-Esquivel, C. E., Rocha-Ramírez, V., & Larsen, J. (2024). Mechanisms for plant growth promotion activated by Trichoderma in natural and managed terrestrial ecosystems. Microbiological Research, 281, 127621. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MICRES.2024.127621
Fathi, A. (2022). Role of nitrogen (N) in plant growth, photosynthesis pigments, and N use efficiency: A review. Agrisost\, 28. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7438164
Fitria, E., Kesumawaty, E., Basyah, B., & Asis. (2021). Peran Trichoderma harzianum sebagai Penghasil Zat Pengatur Tumbuh terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Produktivitas Varietas Cabai (Capsicum annuum L.). Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Agronomy), 49(1). https://doi.org/10.24831/jai.v49i1.34341
Guzmán-Guzmán, P., Etesami, H., & Santoyo, G. (2025). Trichoderma: a multifunctional agent in plant health and microbiome interactions. In BMC Microbiology (Vol. 25, Number 1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-025-04158-2
Illescas, M., Pedrero-Méndez, A., Pitorini-Bovolini, M., Hermosa, R., & Monte, E. (2021). Phytohormone production profiles in trichoderma species and their relationship to wheat plant responses to water stress. Pathogens, 10(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10080991
Inayati, A., Setyowati, L., Aini, L. Q., & Yusnawan, E. (2021). Plant growth promoter produced by Trichoderma virens and its effect on mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) seedling. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 803(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/803/1/012013
Manzar, N., Kashyap, A. S., Goutam, R. S., Rajawat, M. V. S., Sharma, P. K., Sharma, S. K., & Singh, H. V. (2022). Trichoderma: Advent of Versatile Biocontrol Agent, Its Secrets and Insights into Mechanism of Biocontrol Potential. In Sustainability (Switzerland) (Vol. 14, Number 19). https://doi.org/10.3390/su141912786
Maulana, M. (2016). Peranan Luas Lahan, Intensitas Pertanaman dan Produktivitas sebagai Sumber Pertumbuhan Padi Sawah di Indonesia 1980–2001. Jurnal Agro Ekonomi, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.21082/jae.v22n1.2004.74-95
Mghaiouini, R., Salah, M., Monkade, M., & Bouari, A. EL. (2021). New green process to increase the solubility of soil fertilizer based on Potassium Nitrate (KNO3). Journal of the Indian Chemical Society, 98(12). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jics.2021.100224
Rahim, A., & Setyawati, R. (2022). Pengaruh Komposisi Media Tanam Dan Dosis Pupuk Npk Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Tanaman Cabai Rawit (Capsicum frutescens L). Jurnal Pertanian Agros, 24(1).
Rawat, J., Pandey, N., & Saxena, J. (2022). Role of Potassium in Plant Photosynthesis, Transport, Growth and Yield. In Role of Potassium in Abiotic Stress. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4461-0_1
Sardans, J., & Peñuelas, J. (2021). Potassium control of plant functions: Ecological and agricultural implications. Plants, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10020419
Shi, Y., Song, B., Liang, Q., Su, D., Lu, W., Liu, Y., & Li, Z. (2023). Molecular regulatory events of flower and fruit abscission in horticultural plants. In Horticultural Plant Journal (Vol. 9, Number 5). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hpj.2023.03.008
Souza, L. A., & Tavares, R. (2021). Nitrogen and Stem Development: A Puzzle Still to Be Solved. In Frontiers in Plant Science (Vol. 12). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.630587
Wang, N., Xu, Q., Qin, C., Geng, L., Yan, Z., Li, H., Ahammed, G. J., & Chen, S. (2025). Synergistic Effects of Trichoderma harzianum and Light Quality on Photosynthetic Carbon Metabolism and Growth in Tomato Plants. Agronomy, 15(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15061362
Yao, X., Guo, H., Zhang, K., Zhao, M., Ruan, J., & Chen, J. (2023). Trichoderma and its role in biological control of plant fungal and nematode disease. In Frontiers in Microbiology (Vol. 14). https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1160551
Zhang, C., Shen, L., Yang, S., Chang, T., Luo, M., Zhen, S., & Ji, X. (2024). Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Capsaicinoids and Related Metabolic Substances of Dried Chili Pepper Fruit. Horticulturae, 10(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10080831
Zhang, H., Zhang, J., & Yang, J. (2023). Improving nitrogen use efficiency of rice crop through an optimized root system and agronomic practices. Crop and Environment, 2(4), 192–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CROPE.2023.10.001
Zhang, S., Liu, Y., Du, M., Shou, G., Wang, Z., & Xu, G. (2022). Nitrogen as a regulator for flowering time in plant. In Plant and Soil (Vol. 480, Numbers 1–2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-022-05608-w
Andrzejak, R., & Janowska, B. (2022). Trichoderma spp. Improves Flowering, Quality, and Nutritional Status of Ornamental Plants. In International Journal of Molecular Sciences (Vol. 23, Number 24). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232415662
Babanjeet, Singh, K., Talwar, D., & Jindal, S. K. (2022). EFFECT OF POTASSIUM NITRATE ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF CHILLI. Agricultural Research Journal, 59(6). https://doi.org/10.5958/2395-146X.2022.00145.4
Cao, W., Sun, H., Shao, C., Wang, Y., Zhu, J., Long, H., Geng, X., & Zhang, Y. (2025). Progress in the Study of Plant Nitrogen and Potassium Nutrition and Their Interaction Mechanisms. In Horticulturae (Vol. 11, Number 8). https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080930
Chen, X., Lu, Y., Liu, X., Gu, Y., & Li, F. (2025). Trichoderma: Dual Roles in Biocontrol and Plant Growth Promotion. In Microorganisms (Vol. 13, Number 8). https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13081840
Contreras-Cornejo, H. A., Schmoll, M., Esquivel-Ayala, B. A., González-Esquivel, C. E., Rocha-Ramírez, V., & Larsen, J. (2024). Mechanisms for plant growth promotion activated by Trichoderma in natural and managed terrestrial ecosystems. Microbiological Research, 281, 127621. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MICRES.2024.127621
Fathi, A. (2022). Role of nitrogen (N) in plant growth, photosynthesis pigments, and N use efficiency: A review. Agrisost\, 28. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7438164
Fitria, E., Kesumawaty, E., Basyah, B., & Asis. (2021). Peran Trichoderma harzianum sebagai Penghasil Zat Pengatur Tumbuh terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Produktivitas Varietas Cabai (Capsicum annuum L.). Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Agronomy), 49(1). https://doi.org/10.24831/jai.v49i1.34341
Guzmán-Guzmán, P., Etesami, H., & Santoyo, G. (2025). Trichoderma: a multifunctional agent in plant health and microbiome interactions. In BMC Microbiology (Vol. 25, Number 1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-025-04158-2
Illescas, M., Pedrero-Méndez, A., Pitorini-Bovolini, M., Hermosa, R., & Monte, E. (2021). Phytohormone production profiles in trichoderma species and their relationship to wheat plant responses to water stress. Pathogens, 10(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10080991
Inayati, A., Setyowati, L., Aini, L. Q., & Yusnawan, E. (2021). Plant growth promoter produced by Trichoderma virens and its effect on mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) seedling. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 803(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/803/1/012013
Manzar, N., Kashyap, A. S., Goutam, R. S., Rajawat, M. V. S., Sharma, P. K., Sharma, S. K., & Singh, H. V. (2022). Trichoderma: Advent of Versatile Biocontrol Agent, Its Secrets and Insights into Mechanism of Biocontrol Potential. In Sustainability (Switzerland) (Vol. 14, Number 19). https://doi.org/10.3390/su141912786
Maulana, M. (2016). Peranan Luas Lahan, Intensitas Pertanaman dan Produktivitas sebagai Sumber Pertumbuhan Padi Sawah di Indonesia 1980–2001. Jurnal Agro Ekonomi, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.21082/jae.v22n1.2004.74-95
Mghaiouini, R., Salah, M., Monkade, M., & Bouari, A. EL. (2021). New green process to increase the solubility of soil fertilizer based on Potassium Nitrate (KNO3). Journal of the Indian Chemical Society, 98(12). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jics.2021.100224
Rahim, A., & Setyawati, R. (2022). Pengaruh Komposisi Media Tanam Dan Dosis Pupuk Npk Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Tanaman Cabai Rawit (Capsicum frutescens L). Jurnal Pertanian Agros, 24(1).
Rawat, J., Pandey, N., & Saxena, J. (2022). Role of Potassium in Plant Photosynthesis, Transport, Growth and Yield. In Role of Potassium in Abiotic Stress. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4461-0_1
Sardans, J., & Peñuelas, J. (2021). Potassium control of plant functions: Ecological and agricultural implications. Plants, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10020419
Shi, Y., Song, B., Liang, Q., Su, D., Lu, W., Liu, Y., & Li, Z. (2023). Molecular regulatory events of flower and fruit abscission in horticultural plants. In Horticultural Plant Journal (Vol. 9, Number 5). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hpj.2023.03.008
Souza, L. A., & Tavares, R. (2021). Nitrogen and Stem Development: A Puzzle Still to Be Solved. In Frontiers in Plant Science (Vol. 12). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.630587
Wang, N., Xu, Q., Qin, C., Geng, L., Yan, Z., Li, H., Ahammed, G. J., & Chen, S. (2025). Synergistic Effects of Trichoderma harzianum and Light Quality on Photosynthetic Carbon Metabolism and Growth in Tomato Plants. Agronomy, 15(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15061362
Yao, X., Guo, H., Zhang, K., Zhao, M., Ruan, J., & Chen, J. (2023). Trichoderma and its role in biological control of plant fungal and nematode disease. In Frontiers in Microbiology (Vol. 14). https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1160551
Zhang, C., Shen, L., Yang, S., Chang, T., Luo, M., Zhen, S., & Ji, X. (2024). Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Capsaicinoids and Related Metabolic Substances of Dried Chili Pepper Fruit. Horticulturae, 10(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10080831
Zhang, H., Zhang, J., & Yang, J. (2023). Improving nitrogen use efficiency of rice crop through an optimized root system and agronomic practices. Crop and Environment, 2(4), 192–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CROPE.2023.10.001
Zhang, S., Liu, Y., Du, M., Shou, G., Wang, Z., & Xu, G. (2022). Nitrogen as a regulator for flowering time in plant. In Plant and Soil (Vol. 480, Numbers 1–2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-022-05608-w
